Wesołych Świąt, kino!
Za tydzień siądziemy przy wigilijnym stole – gdy kolędy zostaną odśpiewane, wigilijne potrawy zjedzone, a prezenty rozdane, zapewne wielu z was, jak co roku, włączy telewizor by znowu pośmiać się z Kevinem. Mam dla was alternatywę. Zamiast nostalgicznego, ale pustego rytuału – film który porusza, wzrusza, bawi i być może zapoczątkuje nową rodzinną tradycję. Najprawdopodobniej nie znajdziecie go w świątecznej ramówce, ale niech was to nie zniechęca! Gdy obejrzycie To wspaniałe życie Franka Capry, sami z żalem westchniecie, że dziś się już takich filmów nie robi!
Wigilijna, śnieżna noc w małym amerykańskim miasteczku Bedford Falls. George Bailey (James Stewart), uczciwy szef małej firmy pożyczkowej, ojciec rodziny, lokalny społecznik mimo woli, a w głębi duszy odkrywca świata i marzyciel, chce popełnić samobójstwo. Misję odwrócenia losu mężczyzny, za którego w modlitwach wstawia się całe miasteczko, dostaje anioł Clarence (Henry Travers) – zaczytany w Tomku Sawyerze anioł drugiej klasy (a więc jeszcze bez skrzydeł), niezdara o inteligencji królika i wierze dziecka. Przed oczyma anioła i widzów jak taśma filmowa przesuwa się życie George’a, zawsze będącego gdzieś pomiędzy aspiracjami a twardą rzeczywistością, pracującego ciężko, ale na marzenia innych.
Już od pierwszych scen czuć, że zrealizowany w 1946 roku film wyprzedza swoją epokę – rozmowę o Baileyu, który chce odrzucić największy boski dar toczą… mrugające galaktyki. Chwilę później anioły pokazują Clarence’owi najważniejsze chwile z życia George’a. Gdy po scenach z George’em-chłopcem nastąpi przeskok czasowy i po raz pierwszy zobaczymy dorosłego Baileya, zdezorientowany Clarence zatrzyma taśmę i nim film z życia ruszy dalej, oglądamy Jamesa Stewarta zatrzymanego w stopklatce. Te i inne nietypowe zabiegi formalne i fabularne – opowiadanie historii poprzez retrospekcje czy alternatywna wizja miasteczka, w którym George nigdy się nie narodził (zabieg z powodzeniem wykorzystany wiele lat później w Powrocie do przyszłości Zemeckisa) – były być może tym, co sprawiło, że film Capry, choć zauważony przez Akademię (5 nominacji do Oscara, w tym dla Najlepszego filmu) przemknął przez amerykańskie kina, podobnie jak pięć lat wcześniej Obywatel Kane Orsona Wellesa, nie osiągając dobrych wyników box-office’u.
To wspaniałe życie Amerykanie odkryli na nowo dopiero trzydzieści lat później – gdy film trafił do domeny publicznej i w swoich świątecznych pasmach zaczęła go puszczać telewizja PBS. W ten sposób obraz Capry rok w rok zaczął zbierać swoją wierną publiczność, aż stał się w końcu, nie przesadzając ani trochę, filmem kultowym. Tak bardzo, że szybko został ponownie obwarowany prawami autorskimi (zanim to nastąpiło, zdążono go okropnie pokolorować; uważajcie na tę wersję!). Co jakiś czas pojawiają się informacje o przymiarkach do remake’u bądź sequela – ostatnio w listopadzie informowało o tym Variety. Podobne informacje za każdym razem spotykają się z ostrą odpowiedzią fanów.
Film Capry wydaje się niepodrabialny, bo wyrasta z amerykańskiego etosu życia i pracy, pogrzebanego przez kontrkulturę końca lat 60. Bohaterowie jego dzieł ucieleśniali amerykański sen – oparty na uczciwości prostych ludzi, poświadczonej wytrwałą pracą dla wspólnego dobra.
Powodem, dla którego George Bailey, zamiast spełniać swoje marzenia i w wyruszyć w świat, zostaje w małym Bedford Falls, jest zachłanny biznesmen Potter (mocno wzorowany na Dickensowskim Scrooge’u z Opowieści wigilijnej i zagrany przez Lionela Barrymore’a, dziadka stryjecznego Drew Barrymore). Gdy ojciec George’a umiera, syn musi, czy tego chce czy nie, przejąć stery rodzinnego biznesu – firma pożyczkowa Baileyów daje bowiem mieszkańcom coś więcej niż pieniądze. Daje zaufanie i szansę na realne polepszenie jakości życia. Z taką irracjonalną, nieopartą na bezwzględnym dążeniu do zysku strategią nie może pogodzić się wpływowy dusigrosz i kapitalista Potter. Bailey, który szczerze nie znosi Pottera, z pasją wyrzuca z siebie słowa Ta banda, o której pan mówi, pracuje tu, żyje i umiera. Nie mogą żyć i umierać w przyzwoitym domu z łazienką? Ojciec uważał, że mogą. Bo byli dla niego ludźmi, ale dla pana, sfrustrowanego starca, są bydłem i zostaje w miasteczku.
Wyjście poza partykularne interesy pozwoli społeczności zjednoczyć się i przetrzymać sterowany przez Pottera bankowy kryzys (niewątpliwe nawiązanie do czasów depresji sprzed Nowego Ładu Roosevelta), a w końcu zwróci się z nawiązką w finałowej scenie filmu. Konflikt między sielską, przyjazną Ameryką spod skromnego szyldu You Are Now In Bedford Falls, a skorumpowaną, neonową Ameryką okropnie bogatych i przeraźliwie biednych skupioną pod monumentalnym neonem Pottersville, jest żywą i barwną osią fabularną filmu.
Jednak film Capry to nie tylko pochwała małych ojczyzn, międzyludzkiej solidarności i ciepła domowego ogniska. To także świetna komedia obyczajowa. Podobnie jak w Ich nocach z 1934 roku, reżyser zręcznie nagina surowy Kodeks Haysa do własnych potrzeb, sypie eleganckimi pikantnymi aluzjami; z gracją, która nie starzeje się ani trochę, co rusz puszcza oko do widza. Od roztańczonych scen studniówkowego konkursu charlestona, który zakończy się niespodziewaną kąpielą w szkolnym basenie, przez nocny spacer George’a z przyszłą żoną Mary (Donna Reed) i żart ze szlafrokiem, po beznamiętne Kocham się z nim bardzo gwałtownie matko rzucone przez Mary podsłuchującej zakochaną parę, niechętnej Baileyowi matronie.
Choć kręcone, zgodnie z tradycją złotego okresu Hollywood, w całości w sztucznych warunkach studia, To wspaniałe życie nie ma w sobie ani grama sztuczności. Zaskakuje delikatnością i małymi detalami, które zauważamy nie od razu. Gdy Bailey zostanie skonfrontowany z koszmarną rzeczywistością Pottersville i zrozumie, jak najmniejsza decyzja ma wielki wpływ na innych, uwięziony w świecie jak z koszmaru zacznie rozpaczliwie wołać swojego anioła stróża. Nagle coś się zmieni. W jednej sekundzie zacznie sypać śnieg – subtelny znak, że George powrócił do swojego świata. Szalejąc z radości, George biegnie przez miasteczko i świątecznie pozdrawia ludzi oraz zwyczajne, ale ukochane miejsca (Wesołych Świąt, sklepie!). W końcu przebiega obok kina, w którym grają świąteczny hit roku 1945 The Bell’s of St. Mary’s i wita je gromkim Wesołych Świąt, kino!. Na tym właśnie polega prawdziwy świąteczny cud – zmieniło się tak niewiele, a jednak zmieniło się wszystko.
Krystian Buczek
To wspaniałe życie
reżyseria: Frank Capra
produkcja: USA
premiera: 20 grudnia 1946
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